Please post notes to accompany your presentation from day 4 on a bulleted topic from the syallbus. Impress yourself with your level of intellect and sophistication.
Statement: The ways in which African economies and societies changed as the Atlantic slave trade declined and the consequences of European conquest and empire building in Africa? Until 1700, ands perhaps even 1750; almost all Europeans considered the African slave trade a legitimate business activity. Although blacks did arrive in Britain as personal slaves, but if the slave runs away, the poor and the courts often supported the slave and many runaways merged into London’s growing population of free and escaped blacks. In 1772 a high court ruling “clearly doomed the slave status in England. After 1775 a much broader campaign to abolish slavery developed in Britain. This campaign grew into one of the first peaceful mass political movements based on the mobilization of public opinion in British history. British women played a critical role in this movement, denouncing the immorality of human bondage and stressing the cruel treatment of female slaves and slave families. In 1806 Parliament declared the slave trade illegal, and Britain began pressuring other nations to do the same. Britain then used its navy to seize the ships of the slave runners, liberating the captives and settling them in the British port of Freetown, in Sierra Leone. The movie, “Amazing Grace,” documents the idealist William Wilberforce maneuvers his way through Parliament in 19th century England, endeavoring to end the British transatlantic slave trade. As the abolitionist movement broadened and more nations joined Britain in outlawing the slave trade, the shipment of human cargo slackened along the West African coast. Thus begun the decline of the Atlantic slave trade, the abolitionist vision of the “legitimate” commerce in tropical products quickly replacing illegal slave exports was not realized. In West Africa trade in tropical products did make steady progress, for several reasons. First the oil and kernels of naturally growing palm tree already provided food for coastal populations. With Britain encouraging palm tree cultivation as an alternative to the slave trade, palm oil sales from West Africa surged from 1000 tons in 1810 to 40,000 in 1855. Second the industrializing Europe manufacturers used palm oil to make the first good cheap soap for ordinary people to use in their newfound pursuit of cleanliness and mass-produced candles to light people’s homes. Third, the production of peanuts for export also grew rapidly’ in part because small, independent African farmers and their families could compete effectively with large-scale producers. Powerful West African rulers and warlords who benefited from the slave trade begin to redirect some of their slaves into the production of legitimate goods for world trade. This was possible because slavery and slave markets remained strong in sub-Saharan Africa, as local warfare and slave raiding continued to enslave large numbers of men, women, and children for many uses. At the same time, a new group of African merchants, often liberated slaves from Freetown who received Western education, did rise to handle the legitimate trade and some grew rich. By the1850s and 1860s legitimate African traders, flanked by Western educated African lawyers, teachers, and journalists, formed an emerging middle class in the coastal towns of West Africa. This tiny middle class provided new leadership that augured well’s for the region’s future. In 1870s big European companies redouble their efforts to control West Africa’s foreign trade. European firms also pressured their governments for more support in their dealings with African rulers, thereby playing a small but significant role in European seize of African territory in the 1880s and 1890s. African business leadership then gave way to imperial subordination.
The effects of overseas expansion on Europe and conquered societies. European countries crossed the oceans in search of fertile land to take part in international trade. Cash is power, and Europe was making good money. Because of its easiness and massive access to the ocean it made it easy to get materials like porcelain, silk, spices, and cotton. Through this international trade it encouraged immigration of thousands of Chinese people to Southeast Asia. For mining and even more agricultural purposes, the Europeans introduced African slaves into America. This increased the spread of American plants, and potatoes which improved diets of Asians, African, and European People. But along with the imports came diseases. Europeans carried smallpox to America, which caused holocaust among Native Americans. Europeans returned home with syphilis and eventually spread to Europe, Asia, and Africa.
I wouldn't consider myself to be the greatest speaker or presenter, I'm not much of a talker so my speech skills are below normal, so I hope you get more out of this:
The momentous change in the European world view occurred because of the Scientific Revolution. A noted historian said that the Scientific Revolution "was the real origin of both the modern world and the modern mentality." Devolpments in astronomy and physics were at the heart of the scientific revolution. It was at this time that people [or more specific,Galileo tried to convince people to:] dismiss the idea that the earth was at the center of the universe.(In the book there is a great painting of this on page 535) Nicholas Copernicus developed the Copernican theory in 1543, which destroyed the former theories of Aristotle. It dismissed the idea that the stars in the sky were unchanging and therefore perfect. This was proved in 1572 when a new star appeared and shone very bright for about 2 years, it was later discovered that it was actually an exploding star.
Then, a German astronomer (Jahannes Kepler) formulated 3 famous laws of planetary motion. For the first law, he demonstrated that the planets' orbits around the sun are elliptical rather than circular. For the second law he demonstrated that the planets do not move at a uniform speed in their orbits. And the last law, he showed that the time a planet takes to make its orbit is precisely related to its distance away from the sun.
Other notable findings from the scientific revolution are Galileo's law of inertia which states an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force. and also Issac Newton's laws of motion, also known as Newton's law of universal gravitation which means every body in the universe attracts every other body in the universe based on mass and distance.
Like I said, I think the most important discovery are those of Issac Newtown because his discoveries of gravity explain the findings of Kepler, Galileo, and Copernicus.
Impact of Islam and Christianity on Southeast Asian peoples
Religious practice was diverse amongst the people of Southeast Asia. They practiced a kind of Animism, belief that spiritual powers inhabited natural objects. The people lived to please these gods in order to survive and prosper, most of the time by sacrifices or feasts. Some include feasting after mourning of a death, burying possessions with the dead, and killing servant to be used in afterlife. Through trade and travel many of the western beliefs had been brought over to the East. The Rulers of the Southeast Asian people did not believe these religious migrations would impact their society. Islamic merchants began to control major ports and trading posts causing a chain reaction of Islamic growth. Later both Christianity and Islam started taking over insisting that the Animists change their faith. The Southeast Asians observed that the Muslims and Christians were both wealthy, powerful traders and strong warriors, causing them to believe these foreigners were able to manipulate the spiritual world. Because the Muslims were richer than the Christians at this point, the Southeast Asians wanted to submit to their religion to achieve the same success. The Muslims and Christians were fighting over commercial authority while the Asians watched in order to adopt the practice of the winner. The Christians and Muslims then started trying to change the Asian people to their separate faiths. The Muslims had an advantage because they were more tolerant of the Asians cultures where the Christians would try to change completely by destroying their statues and temples. Eventually most of Southeast Asia adhered to Islam, however, depending on the region Christianity was accepted as well.
How a few Spaniards, fighting far from home, overcame the powerful Aztec and Inca Empires in America.
The Spaniards, led by Hernando Cortes, landed at Veracruz in early 1519. He had only 100 sailors, 530 soldiers, and a small handful of women and artisans on 11 ships that he had set sail in from Cuba, recently conquered by the Spanish. This landing would lead to one of the most bizarre takeovers in history, a small contingency of foreigners sweeping into a large and well-established civilization and gaining complete control over the population in a very brief amount of time. Within 3 months he entered the capital and had the emperor, Montezuma II, in chains.
When Cortes landed on the mainland of current-day Mexico he established a settlement by overthrowing a small coastal village and forcing its people into servitude. Word of this action quickly spread across the land and soon Montezuma was sending ambassadors to Cortes with gifts of tribute, for he thought that Cortes was an incarnation of the god Quetzalcoatl. The Aztec people had a belief that everything was cyclical, that all things repeated, so they had tales foretelling the return of their gods. Several events occurred prior to the arrival of the Spanish that added more fuel to this belief; a comet observed in the daytime, and the spontaneous destruction of two temples in natural catastrophes. The physical appearance of the Spanish also contributed to the Aztec’s fear and worship of them. At the time, the Spanish were equipped with impressive steel breastplates and helmets, swords, guns, canons, and horses, all of which were alien to the Aztecs. The natural events coupled with the sudden appearance of these bizarre foreigners led Montezuma to welcome them into the capital city of Tenochtitlan with open arms, showering Cortes and his men with flowers and gold.
The other major contributing factor to the downfall of the Aztecs was their style of warfare. To the Aztecs war was a ceremonial event, there was much pomp surrounding a battle. During one event where the Aztecs tried to stage an uprising and rid themselves of their invaders the Spanish had become divided into two smaller forces. When one group was almost defeated, the Aztecs allowed the other group to reinforce them, eventually leading to another Spanish victory. In retaliation to this battle, Cortes executed Montezuma and led his men into an all-out war with the Aztec army, easily defeating them with the advanced Spanish weaponry and tactics. With the might of the Aztec empire pounded into dust, Cortes was free to conquer all of Mexico for the Spanish crown.
Far to the south a similar event occurred with the Incan Empire. Francisco Pizarro, a Spanish conquistador, was able to defeat a force of over fifty-thousand Incan troops with just under 200 men and only one small cannon. Pizarro’s timing was even more effective than Cortes’. The very same day that Pizarro landed in Peru in 1532, the leader of the Inca, Atauhualpa, defeated his brother in a violent civil war caused by the death of their father. The civil war had lasted for the previous five years and had left Atauhualpa and his followers exhausted and over-confident. Shortly after Pizarro’s landing he invited the Incan leader to meet in the small town of Cajamarca. Atauhualpa, comforted by the presence of his vast army surrounding the town, rode into the meeting with his bodyguards, completely unarmed. The Spanish took the Incans by surprise, distracting them with a single cannon shot the Spanish soldiers rushed into the meeting and killed all of the bodyguards and captured Atauhualpa. After trying to buy his freedom, Atauhualpa was convicted of killing his brother and plotting against the Spanish and strangled to death. With the Inca people completely leaderless, Pizarro had free reign to take over the empire.
Question: How has this new world-view affected the way people thought about society and human relations.
What we have here is the ultimate expression of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Humans, as a race, up until this point have been far too busy (for the most part) providing themselves with basic physiological needs. With the advent of agriculture and domestication of animals humans no longer had to migrate to hunt and gather food to sustain them. They could now dwell in a single place and establish a society, they now have what I called in class FREE TIME. With this free time they can pursue other crafts and hobbies not necessary to survive. While doing so, people began to think for themselves and hypothesize new ideas about how the world worked, ways different than what Aristotle had come up with circa 380BC.
Guns Germs and Steel The academic debate over Jared Diamond’s book is not over, which is remarkable considering it was written in 1997. The main points that Dr. Diamond makes are based on the availability of certain crops and arable land. As a professor of Geography, his focus seems to be based on the view that where a civilization began had as much to do with its later success than any other influence. This is the point of contention with anthropologists, who dismiss his theory out right or at least find fault with it. It is my view personally that the professors’ arguments are logically arrived at both from a human perspective and a historical one. We didn’t get to finish watching the presentation, but the comparisons Diamond makes regarding the New Guineans versus Europeans seem quite well constructed. His reasoning regarding the viability of Sorghum as a crop for New Guineans contrasts starkly against that of wheat, which is nearly the universal crop and has touched cultures even where rice is pre-eminent. Beasts of burden also provide an arena for comparison, while Indo-European cultures have had the availability of horses and oxen since ancient times, the New Guineans had pigs. Swine may be a good food source but are totally unfit to pull plows or carts, and as Diamond points out provide none of the extras such as milk, hides and so on. Perhaps Anthropologists and other scholars who oppose the ideas in Professor Diamond’s book are threatened by it’s assertions in some way, but the view from my uneducated seat in the back row is that the two ideas can exist in the same universe.
My discussion is on the impact this new way of thinking had on political developments and monarchical absolutism.
The new way of thinking had a big impact on political developments and monarchical absolutism because during this era people believe what they were told. If a king told them to do something or to believe in a certain thing/religion they did it without question. After the new way of thinking was introduce more people began to read and educate themselves. Among the group of people there were people that were called Enlightment thinkers. At first they were primary interested in converting people to critical, scientific thinking and were not to concerned about politics, on the other hand, such thinking naturally led to political criticism and interest in political reform as possible and desirable. Of course that wouldn't sit well with a king/monarch that is use to people doing as he say without question. The new way of thinking cause the monarchy ruling to tone it down a bit and give the people a little power with judicial ways. The new way of thinking effected the french more than the eastern Europe. The eastern Europeans learned from the Enlightement thinkers that knowledge was power. They had a more broader perspective,had more humane laws and could contrivute more to the welfare of the state.
Chapter 24 The ways in which African economies and societies changed as the atlantic slave trade declined, and the consequences of European conquest and empire building in Africa.
In West Africa the rise of export of Palm oil and other commodities rose. Palm tree oil was used for soap and candles. Next peanuts begane being produced. Slaves began being used as wives concubines, and servants. Africans became merchants and grew rich. A negative consequence was that warfare increased and enslavement spread. If a slave ran away the court took the lsaves side which made the slave free.
10 comments:
Statement: The ways in which African economies and societies changed as the Atlantic slave trade declined and the consequences of European conquest and empire building in Africa?
Until 1700, ands perhaps even 1750; almost all Europeans considered the African slave trade a legitimate business activity. Although blacks did arrive in Britain as personal slaves, but if the slave runs away, the poor and the courts often supported the slave and many runaways merged into London’s growing population of free and escaped blacks. In 1772 a high court ruling “clearly doomed the slave status in England. After 1775 a much broader campaign to abolish slavery developed in Britain. This campaign grew into one of the first peaceful mass political movements based on the mobilization of public opinion in British history. British women played a critical role in this movement, denouncing the immorality of human bondage and stressing the cruel treatment of female slaves and slave families. In 1806 Parliament declared the slave trade illegal, and Britain began pressuring other nations to do the same. Britain then used its navy to seize the ships of the slave runners, liberating the captives and settling them in the British port of Freetown, in Sierra Leone.
The movie, “Amazing Grace,” documents the idealist William Wilberforce maneuvers his way through Parliament in 19th century England, endeavoring to end the British transatlantic slave trade.
As the abolitionist movement broadened and more nations joined Britain in outlawing the slave trade, the shipment of human cargo slackened along the West African coast. Thus begun the decline of the Atlantic slave trade, the abolitionist vision of the “legitimate” commerce in tropical products quickly replacing illegal slave exports was not realized. In West Africa trade in tropical products did make steady progress, for several reasons. First the oil and kernels of naturally growing palm tree already provided food for coastal populations. With Britain encouraging palm tree cultivation as an alternative to the slave trade, palm oil sales from West Africa surged from 1000 tons in 1810 to 40,000 in 1855. Second the industrializing Europe manufacturers used palm oil to make the first good cheap soap for ordinary people to use in their newfound pursuit of cleanliness and mass-produced candles to light people’s homes. Third, the production of peanuts for export also grew rapidly’ in part because small, independent African farmers and their families could compete effectively with large-scale producers.
Powerful West African rulers and warlords who benefited from the slave trade begin to redirect some of their slaves into the production of legitimate goods for world trade. This was possible because slavery and slave markets remained strong in sub-Saharan Africa, as local warfare and slave raiding continued to enslave large numbers of men, women, and children for many uses. At the same time, a new group of African merchants, often liberated slaves from Freetown who received Western education, did rise to handle the legitimate trade and some grew rich. By the1850s and 1860s legitimate African traders, flanked by Western educated African lawyers, teachers, and journalists, formed an emerging middle class in the coastal towns of West Africa. This tiny middle class provided new leadership that augured well’s for the region’s future. In 1870s big European companies redouble their efforts to control West Africa’s foreign trade. European firms also pressured their governments for more support in their dealings with African rulers, thereby playing a small but significant role in European seize of African territory in the 1880s and 1890s. African business leadership then gave way to imperial subordination.
The effects of overseas expansion on Europe and conquered societies.
European countries crossed the oceans in search of fertile land to take part in international trade. Cash is power, and Europe was making good money. Because of its easiness and massive access to the ocean it made it easy to get materials like porcelain, silk, spices, and cotton. Through this international trade it encouraged immigration of thousands of Chinese people to Southeast Asia. For mining and even more agricultural purposes, the Europeans introduced African slaves into America. This increased the spread of American plants, and potatoes which improved diets of Asians, African, and European People. But along with the imports came diseases. Europeans carried smallpox to America, which caused holocaust among Native Americans. Europeans returned home with syphilis and eventually spread to Europe, Asia, and Africa.
Hofmann out…
I wouldn't consider myself to be the greatest speaker or presenter, I'm not much of a talker so my speech skills are below normal, so I hope you get more out of this:
The momentous change in the European world view occurred because of the Scientific Revolution. A noted historian said that the Scientific Revolution "was the real origin of both the modern world and the modern mentality." Devolpments in astronomy and physics were at the heart of the scientific revolution. It was at this time that people [or more specific,Galileo tried to convince people to:] dismiss the idea that the earth was at the center of the universe.(In the book there is a great painting of this on page 535) Nicholas Copernicus developed the Copernican theory in 1543, which destroyed the former theories of Aristotle. It dismissed the idea that the stars in the sky were unchanging and therefore perfect. This was proved in 1572 when a new star appeared and shone very bright for about 2 years, it was later discovered that it was actually an exploding star.
Then, a German astronomer (Jahannes Kepler) formulated 3 famous laws of planetary motion. For the first law, he demonstrated that the planets' orbits around the sun are elliptical rather than circular. For the second law he demonstrated that the planets do not move at a uniform speed in their orbits. And the last law, he showed that the time a planet takes to make its orbit is precisely related to its distance away from the sun.
Other notable findings from the scientific revolution are Galileo's law of inertia which states an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force. and also Issac Newton's laws of motion, also known as Newton's law of universal gravitation which means every body in the universe attracts every other body in the universe based on mass and distance.
Like I said, I think the most important discovery are those of Issac Newtown because his discoveries of gravity explain the findings of Kepler, Galileo, and Copernicus.
I'm sorry, I made a mistake: Jahannes Kepler should be Johannes Kepler. Just clearing that up.
Impact of Islam and Christianity on Southeast Asian peoples
Religious practice was diverse amongst the people of Southeast Asia. They practiced a kind of Animism, belief that spiritual powers inhabited natural objects. The people lived to please these gods in order to survive and prosper, most of the time by sacrifices or feasts. Some include feasting after mourning of a death, burying possessions with the dead, and killing servant to be used in afterlife. Through trade and travel many of the western beliefs had been brought over to the East. The Rulers of the Southeast Asian people did not believe these religious migrations would impact their society. Islamic merchants began to control major ports and trading posts causing a chain reaction of Islamic growth. Later both Christianity and Islam started taking over insisting that the Animists change their faith. The Southeast Asians observed that the Muslims and Christians were both wealthy, powerful traders and strong warriors, causing them to believe these foreigners were able to manipulate the spiritual world. Because the Muslims were richer than the Christians at this point, the Southeast Asians wanted to submit to their religion to achieve the same success. The Muslims and Christians were fighting over commercial authority while the Asians watched in order to adopt the practice of the winner. The Christians and Muslims then started trying to change the Asian people to their separate faiths. The Muslims had an advantage because they were more tolerant of the Asians cultures where the Christians would try to change completely by destroying their statues and temples. Eventually most of Southeast Asia adhered to Islam, however, depending on the region Christianity was accepted as well.
How a few Spaniards, fighting far from home, overcame the powerful Aztec and Inca Empires in America.
The Spaniards, led by Hernando Cortes, landed at Veracruz in early 1519. He had only 100 sailors, 530 soldiers, and a small handful of women and artisans on 11 ships that he had set sail in from Cuba, recently conquered by the Spanish. This landing would lead to one of the most bizarre takeovers in history, a small contingency of foreigners sweeping into a large and well-established civilization and gaining complete control over the population in a very brief amount of time. Within 3 months he entered the capital and had the emperor, Montezuma II, in chains.
When Cortes landed on the mainland of current-day Mexico he established a settlement by overthrowing a small coastal village and forcing its people into servitude. Word of this action quickly spread across the land and soon Montezuma was sending ambassadors to Cortes with gifts of tribute, for he thought that Cortes was an incarnation of the god Quetzalcoatl. The Aztec people had a belief that everything was cyclical, that all things repeated, so they had tales foretelling the return of their gods. Several events occurred prior to the arrival of the Spanish that added more fuel to this belief; a comet observed in the daytime, and the spontaneous destruction of two temples in natural catastrophes. The physical appearance of the Spanish also contributed to the Aztec’s fear and worship of them. At the time, the Spanish were equipped with impressive steel breastplates and helmets, swords, guns, canons, and horses, all of which were alien to the Aztecs. The natural events coupled with the sudden appearance of these bizarre foreigners led Montezuma to welcome them into the capital city of Tenochtitlan with open arms, showering Cortes and his men with flowers and gold.
The other major contributing factor to the downfall of the Aztecs was their style of warfare. To the Aztecs war was a ceremonial event, there was much pomp surrounding a battle. During one event where the Aztecs tried to stage an uprising and rid themselves of their invaders the Spanish had become divided into two smaller forces. When one group was almost defeated, the Aztecs allowed the other group to reinforce them, eventually leading to another Spanish victory. In retaliation to this battle, Cortes executed Montezuma and led his men into an all-out war with the Aztec army, easily defeating them with the advanced Spanish weaponry and tactics. With the might of the Aztec empire pounded into dust, Cortes was free to conquer all of Mexico for the Spanish crown.
Far to the south a similar event occurred with the Incan Empire. Francisco Pizarro, a Spanish conquistador, was able to defeat a force of over fifty-thousand Incan troops with just under 200 men and only one small cannon. Pizarro’s timing was even more effective than Cortes’. The very same day that Pizarro landed in Peru in 1532, the leader of the Inca, Atauhualpa, defeated his brother in a violent civil war caused by the death of their father. The civil war had lasted for the previous five years and had left Atauhualpa and his followers exhausted and over-confident. Shortly after Pizarro’s landing he invited the Incan leader to meet in the small town of Cajamarca. Atauhualpa, comforted by the presence of his vast army surrounding the town, rode into the meeting with his bodyguards, completely unarmed. The Spanish took the Incans by surprise, distracting them with a single cannon shot the Spanish soldiers rushed into the meeting and killed all of the bodyguards and captured Atauhualpa. After trying to buy his freedom, Atauhualpa was convicted of killing his brother and plotting against the Spanish and strangled to death. With the Inca people completely leaderless, Pizarro had free reign to take over the empire.
Question: How has this new world-view affected the way people thought about society and human relations.
What we have here is the ultimate expression of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Humans, as a race, up until this point have been far too busy (for the most part) providing themselves with basic physiological needs. With the advent of agriculture and domestication of animals humans no longer had to migrate to hunt and gather food to sustain them. They could now dwell in a single place and establish a society, they now have what I called in class FREE TIME. With this free time they can pursue other crafts and hobbies not necessary to survive. While doing so, people began to think for themselves and hypothesize new ideas about how the world worked, ways different than what Aristotle had come up with circa 380BC.
Guns Germs and Steel
The academic debate over Jared Diamond’s book is not over, which is remarkable considering it was written in 1997. The main points that Dr. Diamond makes are based on the availability of certain crops and arable land. As a professor of Geography, his focus seems to be based on the view that where a civilization began had as much to do with its later success than any other influence. This is the point of contention with anthropologists, who dismiss his theory out right or at least find fault with it. It is my view personally that the professors’ arguments are logically arrived at both from a human perspective and a historical one. We didn’t get to finish watching the presentation, but the comparisons Diamond makes regarding the New Guineans versus Europeans seem quite well constructed. His reasoning regarding the viability of Sorghum as a crop for New Guineans contrasts starkly against that of wheat, which is nearly the universal crop and has touched cultures even where rice is pre-eminent.
Beasts of burden also provide an arena for comparison, while Indo-European cultures have had the availability of horses and oxen since ancient times, the New Guineans had pigs. Swine may be a good food source but are totally unfit to pull plows or carts, and as Diamond points out provide none of the extras such as milk, hides and so on.
Perhaps Anthropologists and other scholars who oppose the ideas in Professor Diamond’s book are threatened by it’s assertions in some way, but the view from my uneducated seat in the back row is that the two ideas can exist in the same universe.
My discussion is on the impact this new way of thinking had on political developments and monarchical absolutism.
The new way of thinking had a big impact on political developments and monarchical absolutism because during this era people believe what they were told. If a king told them to do something or to believe in a certain thing/religion they did it without question. After the new way of thinking was introduce more people began to read and educate themselves. Among the group of people there were people that were called Enlightment thinkers. At first they were primary interested in converting people to critical, scientific thinking and were not to concerned about politics, on the other hand, such thinking naturally led to political criticism and interest in political reform as possible and desirable. Of course that wouldn't sit well with a king/monarch that is use to people doing as he say without question. The new way of thinking cause the monarchy ruling to tone it down a bit and give the people a little power with judicial ways. The new way of thinking effected the french more than the eastern Europe. The eastern Europeans learned from the Enlightement thinkers that knowledge was power. They had a more broader perspective,had more humane laws and could contrivute more to the welfare of the state.
Chapter 24
The ways in which African economies and societies changed as the atlantic slave trade declined, and the consequences of European conquest and empire building in Africa.
In West Africa the rise of export of Palm oil and other commodities rose. Palm tree oil was used for soap and candles. Next peanuts begane being produced. Slaves began being used as wives concubines, and servants. Africans became merchants and grew rich. A negative consequence was that warfare increased and enslavement spread. If a slave ran away the court took the lsaves side which made the slave free.
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